Zoroaster Outline Essay Example

Zoroaster Outline Essay Zoroastrianism l. Zoroastrianism is a monotheistic religion that was once widespread in the Near East and Middle East. (Molloy 438) A. It spread widely, but is now mostly present in India. (Molloy 438) B. Some see possible influence on the development of Essenes, early Christianity, and Islam. (Molloy 438) II. The prophet Zoroaster, the founder of the religion, was born about 650 BCE in what is now Iran. (Molloy 438) A. He was surrounded by the worship of nature gods, common to his area of upbringing. (Molloy 438) i. He did not believe in his religions practices of the sacrifice of animals at the fire ltars and the power of the priests. (Molloy 438) B. At age 30, Zoroaster experienced a vision which completely changed his life. (Molloy 438) i. He felt himself transported to heaven by a spirit he called Vohu Manah (good mind) into the presence of the High God Ahura Mazda (wise lord). (Molloy 438) C. Zoroasters new message was initially met with strong rejection, which he blamed on demons (daevas) and the satanic head of evil forces, Angra Mainyu (wicked spirit). (Molloy 438) i. His bitter experiences made him have further belief in good vs. evil. Molloy 438) D. Eventually Zoroasters teachings reached an Iranian King named Vishtaspa, and he used his power to spread Zoroasters new religion. (Molloy 438) Ill. Zoroastrianism has one sacred religious text, called The Avesta. (Boyce 238) A. It is supposed to be written by Zoroaster himself, and includes the seventeen Gathas (hymns), Yasna Haptanhaiti (Worship of the Seven Chapters, a short liturgy accompanying the daily act of priestly worship), and two very holy manthras. (Boyce 238) B. We will write a custom essay sample on Zoroaster Outline specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Zoroaster Outline specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Zoroaster Outline specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The entirety of The Avesta was written down in Iran, under the Sasanian ynasty, and was then a massive compilation in twenty-one books. (Boyce 238) C. Only a few copies were made, and in the destruction which later attended the Arab, Turkish, and Mongol conquests of Iran all were destroyed. (Boyce 238) D. The surviving Avesta consists of liturgies, hymns, and prayers. (Boyce 238) V. Zoroastrianism revolves around the war between good and evil, which are always present. (Hinnells 81) A. Zoroaster taught that God was the sole Good Creator of all things, of sun, moon and stars, of the spiritual and material worlds, of man and beast. Hinnells 81) B. He (Ahura Mazda) is in no way responsible for evil in the world; this comes from the Destructive Spirit (Angra Mainyu) whose nature is violent and destructive. (Hinnells) C. The world is a battleground in which the forces of good and evil do battle. (Hinnells) D. The spirit of light and good in the world is known as Spenta Mainyu (holy spirit ). (Molloy 438) V. Zoroastrianism has belief of divine Judgement and in an afterlife of reward or punishment, which begins at death. (Molloy 438) A. During life, humans are involved in a cosmic struggle between good and evil. Molloy 438) a) These good actions may consist of: telling the truth, dealing honestly with others, cultivating farmland, and treating animals kindly. (Molloy 438) B. Final Judgement begins at death when an individuals soul must cross a bridge that can lead to paradise. (Molloy 438) i. If the individual has been good, the bridge is wide and the Journey to paradise is easy; but if the individual has been evil, the bridge becomes so narrow that the soul falls deep into the depths of hell. (Molloy 438) C. There is also a belief in the end of all times. (Molloy 438) i. When the world comes to an end, there will be a resurrection of all bodies and a great general Judgement; at this time the world will be purified by fire, which will punish the evil but leave the good untouched. (Molloy 438) VI. Zoroastrianism has long been a highly ritualistic religion. (Molloy 438) A. A Zoroastrian has the duty to pray five times daily (at sunrise, noon, sunset, midnight, and dawn) in the presence of fire, the symbol of righteousness. (Boyce 247) i. He prays standing, and while uttering the appointed prayers (which include verses from he Gathas) unties and reties the kutsi. Boyce 247) a) The kutsi is a sacred cord, which should be worn constantly. (Boyce 247) B. Ceremonies at death are considered very important and have a double aim: to isolate the impurity of the dead body and give help to the soul. (Boyce 249) i. The body is wrapped into a cotton shroud and carried on an iron bier, and after due prayers by priests, to a stone tower (dakhma), where the polluting f lesh is quickly eaten by vultures and the bones are bleached by sun and wind. (Boyce 249) it. Mourners ollow the bier at a distance, two by two, and afterwards make ablutions. Boyce 249) Works Cited Molloy, Michael. Zoroastrianism. Experiencing the Worlds Religions: Tradition, Challenge, and Change/ Michael Molloy. 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, 2013. 438-439. Print. Boyce, Mary. Zoroastrianism. The Penguin Handbook of the Worlds Living Religions/ Ed. John R. Hinnells. Strand: Penguin Group, 2010. 238-249. Print Hinnells, John. The Cosmic Battle: Zoroastrianism. Eerdmans Handbook to the Worlds Religions/ Ed. R. Pierce Beaver. Herts: Lion Publishing, 1982. 80-87. Print.

ASU GPA Calculator Essay Example

ASU GPA Calculator Essay Example ASU GPA Calculator Paper ASU GPA Calculator Paper Innovations is a power of ASU University. This educational institution is famous for its well-developed infrastructure and progressive methods of teaching. A wide range of educational programs is available here. We offer a variety of grants as well. The advantage of the ASU. Our highly qualified professors are dedicating themselves thoroughly endeavoring to bring up and educate a new generation – influential, progressive and innovative. The students, who get their education at ASU, have a chance to cooperate with the NASA scientists and contribute to the development of space exploration. You have an excellent opportunity to become a student of this higher education institution and paying a lot of effort built a successful scientific career. The member of ASU has a chance to develop themselves in all spheres of life. University enables its member to explore, advance, grow and become better! ASU GPA calculator is a handy tool for every student evaluating his chances to become a member of this educational institution. A program can assist you in measuring the average grade by calculating it based on the data you insert. College GPA calculator ASU College GPA calculator ASU is an instrument assisting in the process of choosing the higher educational institution you want to study in and estimating the chances to get an education there. This online program was developed for potential students endeavoring to pick the place to continue getting their further education after finishing the high school. Cumulative GPA calculator ASU is a starting point helping to measure the average grade based on your academic achievements and estimate whether this number matches with the expectation of the committee accepting students. You can see the score you have reached in the process of studying. A unique calculating model is taken as a basis for GPA calculator ASU allowing counting the average grade. As a result, you get the number, which shows your chances to occupy the place in the university. This tool is necessary for enabling the students quickly see the full picture. The thing is that rarely potential students apply to one particular uni versity. They usually have 3-5 variants. The program helps them to calculate the proximity of entering each of the possible places of studying so that the students will be able to understand, where the chances are the highest. My GPA calculator ASU If you are thinking over the opportunity to enter the ASU, you have to make use of the Arizona State University ASU GPA Calculator. This is an online program available on the official page of the university. The function of this app is to help to estimate the current GPA of a student. As soon as you enter this page, you will have to sign in, creating your private profile. Enter the â€Å"my GPA calculator ASU.†Ã‚   The next stage requires a user to insert the following info – the total points, graded units and scheduled course information. After that, a student has to click the calculating button and launch the counting process. As soon as you get the number, you can estimate whether it is possible to submit an application form. The points you receive will be based on the last year’s admission process or current students’ portfolio. Due to the results, you will count the chances to become a student of ASU!

All About Russias Exclave of Kaliningrad

All About Russia's Exclave of Kaliningrad Russias smallest oblast (region) of Kaliningrad is an exclave located 200 miles away from the border of Russia proper. Kaliningrad was a spoil of World War II, allocated from Germany to the Soviet Union at the Potsdam Conference that divided Europe between the allied powers in 1945. The oblast is a wedge-shaped piece of land along the Baltic Sea between Poland and Lithuania, approximately one-half the size of Belgium, 5,830 mi2 (15,100 km2). The oblasts primary and port city is also known as Kaliningrad. Founding Known as Konigsberg prior to Soviet occupation, the city was founded in 1255 near the mouth of the Pregolya River. The philosopher Immanuel Kant was born in Konigsberg in 1724. The capital of German East Prussia, Konigsberg was the home to a grand Prussian Royal Castle, destroyed along with much of the city in World War II. Konigsberg was renamed Kaliningrad in 1946 after Mikhail Kalinin, formal leader of the Soviet Union from 1919 until 1946. At the time, Germans living in the oblast were forced out, to be replaced with Soviet citizens. While there were early proposals to change the name of Kaliningrad back to Konigsberg, none were successful. Key History The ice-free port of Kaliningrad on the Baltic Sea was home to the Soviet Baltic fleet; during the Cold War 200,000 to 500,000 soldiers were stationed in the region. Today only 25,000 soldiers occupy Kaliningrad, an indicator of the reduction of the perceived threat from NATO countries. The USSR attempted to build a 22-story House of Soviets, the ugliest building on Russian soil, in Kaliningrad but the structure had been built on the property of the castle. Unfortunately, the castle contained many underground tunnels and the building began to slowly collapse though it still stands, unoccupied. After the fall of the USSR, neighboring Lithuania and former Soviet republics gained their independence, cutting Kaliningrad off from Russia. Kaliningrad was supposed to develop in the post-Soviet era into a Hong Kong of the Baltic but corruption keeps most investment away. South Korean-based Kia Motors has a factory in Kaliningrad. Railroads connect Kaliningrad to Russia through Lithuania and Belarus but importing food from Russia is not cost-effective. However, Kaliningrad is surrounded by European Union member-states, so trade on the wider market is indeed possible. Approximately 400,000 people live in metropolitan Kaliningrad and a total of nearly one million are in the oblast, which is approximately one-fifth forested.

Equity and Trusts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Equity and Trusts - Essay Example The elements are that there is an intention that there be property given to a trustee for use of a beneficiary or beneficiaries.1 Moreover, there must be a certainty that a trust is what was truly was intended, and not a bailment, gift or agency relationship.2 Additionally, there must be certainty about the terms of the trust – what is the property, and who is to benefit from the property.3 The trust must also be for the benefit of people, and not for a purpose, which means that the beneficiaries may be able to decide how to use the property.4 This is known as the three certainties – there must be a certainty of intention, subject matter and object.5 There must also be, for an express trust, a transfer of property to the trustee.6 There is some question, however, about this particular trust. While it appears to be for the benefit of beneficiaries, in that the people of the company are who would benefit from the trust, the trust might also be construed as a purpose trust , which means that the trust is set up for the fulfillment of a purpose, not the for the benefit of a person.7 The court might construe the trust as being a purpose trust, because it was set up for the purpose of providing medical care and rest and recuperation care to the employees. ... Another possibility is that this money would be treated as a resulting trust.8 This would occur if the court assumes that the settlor of the trust are the people who contributed the money into the trust, and the trust itself fails, because of the lack of certainty of the objects of the trust.9 A resulting trust can also result when the objectives of the trust no longer become possible or relevant by the time of the transfer to the trustee.10 Alternatively, the trust could treated as a quistclose trust, which occurs when a creditor lends money to a debtor for a particular purpose.11 If the trust fails, because the purpose that the debtor was to use the property fails or cannot be fulfilled, then the money reverts back to the creditor.12 Either way, the money would be considered to be a resulting trust, which would mean that the settlors would retain the value of the money.13 This would mean, of course, that the trustees would not be able to use the money for other purposes – as with a quistclose trust, the money in the trust fund was to be used for a very specific purpose, which is to be pay for medical care and rest and recuperation care for any employee or the family of an employee who suffers injury or a medical condition arising from their work. This is what the fund was specifically set up for, and, since this purpose is no longer valid, the settlors would retain the money. This would mean that the people who contributed the money into the fund would retain the rights to the money, and the trustees would not be able to divert the funds for other things. Even if the court does not treat the trust as a resulting trust, it is still doubtful that the trustees would be able to use the funds for something else. Assuming that the trust is considered to be

Describe the effects of American expansion across the Southwest from Essay

Describe the effects of American expansion across the Southwest from the 1820s through the 1840s - Essay Example Vermont joined the Union in the year 1791 as a separate State. In 1792, Kentucky was admitted to the Union; and in 1820, Maine was included (Westward Expansion). The treaty between the US and Spain of 1821 served to establish the boundary of Louisiana. Under this treaty, the boundary was to commence from the mouth of the river Sabine in the Gulf of Mexico and proceed till the west bank of the Sabine up to the thirty – second degree of north latitude. From there it was to continue along the north of the Red River, along the south bank of the Red River to the one – hundredth degree of east longitude. Subsequently, the border was to pass north of the Arkansas and then onwards to the south bank of the Arkansas. Finally, it was to pass along the forty-second degree north latitude up to the Pacific Ocean (Westward Expansion). This treaty settled the boundary issue with regard to the States of Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and the western regions of Wyoming. The US claimed this land on the basis of its discoveries in 1792, its explorations of 1805, and settlement in 1811. In 1848, the dispute with Canada, regarding the boundary between the latter and Washington and Idaho was resolved (Westward Expansion). The expansion took place in the directions of the south, west, and the declining Spanish empire’s new territories. In 1819, Spain ceded Florida to the US, under the requirements of the Adams – Onis Treaty. This Treaty clearly demarcated Louisiana and Spanish Texas. This border passed through the Rocky Mountains, along the coast of the Arkansas River, and along the southern borders of the states of Idaho and Oregon (Johnson and Woloch). This Treaty played a major role in determining the borders of the United States, along the land adjoining the Pacific Ocean. In the period between 1820 and 1840, there was a westward movement of the people, in the US, which had a profound effect on agriculture, education,

McDonalds wishes to rework on its restaurant interiors Essay Example for Free

McDonalds wishes to rework on its restaurant interiors Essay McDonalds is the worlds leading global foodservice retailer with more than 33,000 locations in 118 countries. McDonald’s has several company owned stores, but uses Franchising for both domestic and international expansion. McDonalds India was set up as a 50:50 joint-venture between McDonalds at a global level and regional Indian partners such as Hardcastle Restaurants Private Limited in western India, and Connaught Plaza Restaurants Private Limited in northern India. McDonald’s currently has over 220 restaurants in the country. McDonalds doesn’t provide any financial assistance and absentee ownership of finance is not allowed. Also, the financial requirements are quite steep. MFY- for implementing the MFY (Made for You) option for customers, the franchises are required to upgrade their equipment at their own expense. This caused some problem with maintaining standard service across all outlets. Pricing and menu may also be a point of difficulty for the franchiser and franchisee as prices vary between companies owned and franchised stores. Inconsistent standards- There are several instances of poor service or disgruntled customers complaining about the quality of food served. This is because it is difficult to enforce the exact same standards in all franchised stores. McDonald’s aims to provide 100 percent total customer satisfaction. In order to achieve this goal , McDonald’s relies on its operating philosophy based on QSC V – Quality, Service, Cleanliness and Value. McDonald’s believes that customer satisfaction is crucial to the success of the brand and all Restaurants must perform to the standards. These standards are used in both company owned and franchised restaurants. QUALITY Best ingredients: This is achieved by its commitment to sourcing all its requirements from local farmers and suppliers. Before entering India, the company spent six years and Rs. 450 crore toset up its supply chain. In India McDonalds pioneered the cold chain management which helpskeep vegetables and processed products safe for a longer time. Preparation Standards: Best quality standardized ingredients ensure standardized preparation standards can be followed. Every product has a fixed procedure of preparation. However, newer McDonald’s stores offer MFY (Made for You) where the product is made only after the order is placed. Other standards: * FIFO: (First in first out) for all inventories. * Reverse osmosis water treatment plant: Best technology for water purification at every outlet to provide water. Strict standards for vegetarian products including eggless mayonnaise and eggless ice-cream. SERVICE * Soft standards: * Welcome every customer with a smile and are genuinely friendly at all times * Deliver consistent standards of hospitality Seize opportunities to interact with customers in a personal and positive way * Be well informed about product contents and nutritional information * Always appear clean and well groomed. * Hard standards: * Serve fresh and hot * Serve within one minute of receiving order or give a free coke. This is implemented in a few outlets and is not applicable during peak hours. * Cleanliness and Hygiene * The counters, tables, floor area are to be kept clean at all times. * All staff required to cover their heads and wear gloves when within preparation area. * All these standards are evaluated by mystery shoppers and rated. This is called a RVR Restaurant Visitation Report) which provides a snapshot of the stores performance over a period of a few hours. The stores are graded either A, B, C or F. Facility Exterior: Exterior Design: McDonalds design exhibits a sense of â€Å"Forever Young† look with bright red and yellow colours appealing to the children and establishing its family restaurant positioning. The building provides a practical, contemporary design that aligns with the McDonalds brand essence while accommodating the latest operational and consumer experience standards. Their mascot Ronald Mcdonald is also present outside each of their restaurants. McDonalds always have all glass restaurants. McDonalds has always clearly identified and managed the various clues that customers use to form the impressions and feeling about their company. In addition to this, McDonalds has separate take away counters in order to save time of their patrons. Signage: All of McDonalds external signage reads as, â€Å"McDonalds-Family restaurant. Also keeping in mind with the local language, all McDonalds restaurant have their name boards in Hindi. McDonalds strongly believes in adhering to the local sentiments and hence none of the outlets in India sell Beef products and every restaurant has this mentioned. Also McDonalds, strongly believes in glass branding for any new products or services they offer. Most of the communication is designed to cater to local tastes and preferences. Parking/Landscape/Surrounding Environment: All McDonald outlets are located are accessible and present everywhere thus capitalizing on brand recognition. Most of the McDonalds have their own restaurants and hence the seating space available is exclusive to McDonald’s patrons. Also McDonalds offers proper parking facilities for its highway restaurants. Facility Interior All McDonalds outlet are standardized in terms of layout and have proper in-store branding. The â€Å"Young and Cheerful† design concept is a progressive, youthful, and energetic environment with open views for social interaction. All McDonald outlets are huge with proper aisles and passages with appropriate signage for seating arena, lavatories, wet floor and food counters. McDonalds has a Made for You food preparation platform.MFY is a unique concept (cooking method) where the food is prepared as the customer places its order. This cooking method has helped McDonald’s further strengthen its food safety, hygiene and quality standards. McDonalds also has illuminated Menu boards that offer a mix of both vegetarian and non vegetarian burgers along with other savories and drinks. McDonalds also has proper queues for placing order and often there is a executive who assists you in order placing. Also McDonalds gives toys for children thus making them wanting to come back. The other visible cues are color, lighting, in-store music, employee uniforms and trays with literary. McDonalds has ample in store lighting and directly inï ¬â€šuences an individual’s perception of the deï ¬ nition and quality of the space, inï ¬â€šuencing his or her awareness of physical, emotional, psychological, and spiritual aspects of the space. The bright McDonald stores ensure prompt handling and evaluation of products. In all McDonald stores the lighting is perceived as more pleasant than other fast food environments. The color scheme that McDonalds uses exhumes cheerfulness and warmth. Red depicts vibrance, cheerfulness while yellow depicts friendliness and brightness. At McDonalds, music is a positive auditory cue stimulating specific consumer behaviour and emotions. Music appears to influence buyer-seller interaction. There is audio played about the latest offers and products. Also a balance and constant sound creates a pleasant sound environment. All employees at McDonald are provided with uniforms and name badges along with caps with McDonald signature â€Å"M† arch. Employees are also trained with appropriate soft skills to address customers. Every employee or front line executive greets the customer and exchanges pleasantries, which makes them happy. Service quality gap: The five gaps that organizations should measure manage and minimize: Gap 1 (Listening gap) is the distance between what customers expect and what managers think they expect Clearly survey research is a key way to narrow this gap. Gap 2 (standard and specification gap) is between management perception and the actual specification of the customer experience Managers need to make sure the organization is defining the level of service they believe is needed. 29 Gap 3 (performance gap)is from the experience specification to the delivery of the experience -Managers need to audit the customer experience that their organization currently delivers in order to make sure it lives up to the specification Gap 4 (communication gap) is the gap between the delivery of the customer experience and what is communicated to customers All too often organizations exaggerate what will be provided to customers, or discuss the best case rather than the likely case, raising customer expectations and harming customer perceptions Gap 5 is the gap between a customers perception of the experience and the customers expectation of the service Customers expectations have been shaped by word of mouth, their personal needs and their own past experiences. Routine transactional surveys after delivering the customer experience are important for an organization to measure customer perceptions of service Service Quality dimensions Tangibles : Physical evidence of service Reliability : Consistency of performance and dependability Responsiveness : Willingness/readiness of employees to provide service in timely manner Credibility : Trustworthiness, believability, honesty Security : Freedom from danger, risk, doubt, assurance guarantee, Certification Competence : Possession of required skills to perform service Access : Approachability and ease of contact Empathy Courtesy : Politeness, respect, consideration, friendliness Values: They place customer experience at the core of all they do: They believe customers are the reason for their existence. They demonstrate their appreciation by providing them with high quality food and superior service in a clean, welcoming environment, at a great value. Their goal is quality, service, cleanliness and value (QSCV) for each and every customer, each and every time. They are committed to their people. They provide opportunity, nurture talent, develop leaders and reward achievement. They believe that a team of well-trained individuals with diverse backgrounds and experiences, working together in an environment that fosters respect and drives high levels of engagement, is essential to their continued success. They believe in the McDonald’s System. McDonald’s business model, depicted by their â€Å"three-legged stool† of owner/operators, suppliers, and company employees, is their foundation, and balancing the interests of all three groups is the key. They operate their business ethically. Sound ethics is good business. At McDonald’s, they hold themselves and conduct their business to high standards of fairness, honesty, and integrity. They are individually accountable and collectively responsible. They give back to their communities. They take seriously the responsibilities that come with being a leader. They help their customers in building better communities, support Ronald McDonald House Charities, and leverage their size, scope and resources to help make the world a better place. They grow their business profitably. McDonald’s is a publicly traded company. As such, they work to provide sustained profitable growth for their shareholders. This requires continuous focus on their customers and the health of their system. They strive continually to improve. They are a learning organization that aims to anticipate and respond to changing customer, employee and system needs through constant evolution and innovation. McDonald’s is committed to providing the highest quality food and superior service, at a great value, in a clean and welcoming environment. That’s why we work with their employees, franchisees, and suppliers to serve a balanced array of food choices and provide the nutrition informa tion needed for customers to make sound decisions. At the restaurant level, McDonald’s is focused on energy conservation, sustainable packaging, and waste management. They are dedicated to innovate and improve their operations in order to build an even more sustainable, environment friendly and profitable business. And will continue to re optimize their menu, modernize the customer experience, and broaden accessibility to their brand, so that consumers will always enjoy the maximum McDonald’s experience. Service Blueprint: Loopholes in service operations: A research report released Thursday by Dunnhumby, highlighted by The Wall Street Journal, elucidates that in reality the customer eating experience is becoming more and more important to consumers. With so many fast-food options available, they make their decisions based on loyalty — and a significant portion of this support is garnered through a chain’s friendly customer service and good eating experience. It is without doubt that McDonald’s is still winning over Americans with its cheap Dollar Menu offerings and convenient drive thru service. But its poor customer-service scores are ultimately hurting its sales– a certainty supported by the Dunnhumby report that demonstrates that restaurants with higher customer-service scores tend to show higher comparable sales growth over a two-year period. Thus, if the world’s largest restaurant chain wants to maintain its edge over competitors, it must not only focus on price and promotions, but also the expe rience it offers to customers every day. And McDonald’s executives agree. The Wall Street Journal explains that in a webcast these executives held with franchise owners in March, they called its service â€Å"broken.† The number of customer complaints related to friendliness issues have only increased, and complaints about speed of service also â€Å"have increased significantly over the past six months.† Is it then perhaps possible that customers are becoming more accustomed to the friendly service and loyalty rewards they receive at other growing chains like and then less tolerating of the subpar services they encounter at other fast food chains? With respect to the services provided by McDonalds, the following management issues were observed McDonalds wishes to rework on its restaurant interiors and match up to those of its self owned restaurants, However the problem that they have encountered is that franchisee owners are unwilling to invest in interior design. McDonald’s has introduced MFY (Made for You) whereby the burgers are made after the order is placed. However, the franchises are required to upgrade their equipment in order to follow this. The franchisees are not willing to incur such expenditure which poses a problem to McDonald’s. We normally observe the customary trend of people queuing outside McDonalds especially during the weekends. This is due to the limited capacity space in the restaurants. This has been a persistent management problem for McDonalds. Even though the management at McDonalds has been trying to search for a solution for the same, it fears doing so pertaining to cost issues.

The Dominican Republic, and its owner, Rafael Leonidas Trujillo Essay

The Dominican Republic, and its owner, Rafael Leonidas Trujillo All throughout the 20th century we can observe the marked presence of totalitarian regimes and governments in Latin America. Countries like Cuba, Chile, Brazil, Argentina, Nicaragua and the Dominican Republic all suffered under the merciless rule of dictators and military leaders. Yet the latter country, the Dominican Republic, experienced a unique variation of these popular dictatorships, one that in the eyes of the world of those times was great, but in the eyes of the Dominicans, was nothing short of deadly. Rafael Leonidas Trujillo, or â€Å"El Chivo†, controlled the people of the Dominican Republic in a manner that set him apart from the other leaders of that time. By controlling every aspect of the country’s economy, he controlled the people, by controlling each individual’s income and their jobs, he controlled their lives. (Sagas, 173) It is true that from the outside it may appear that the economy was getting better in the Dominican Republic, but the problem was that all of the enterprises and businesses were directly or indirectly owned and controlled by Trujillo himself, not the government. Building bridges, making better roads, and establishing monuments were Trujillo’s ideas as to how to make the Dominican Republic a better place. (de Besault, N/A) True that these things made the Republic more appealing and made transportation better, but the inhumane methods Trujillo employed to maintain his complete and utter control of the people completely ove rshadowed any positive things that he may have done. This previously inexistent economy is what allowed Trujillo to attain and strengthen his power in the Dominican Republic. Oddly enough, the same peo... ... In addition to being powerful, his ruthless murders made him a dangerous man too. This specific case in Latin American history comes to show how economic â€Å"stability† does not always mean happiness and wealth. The Dominican Republic’s economy was stable, but all the wealth belonged to one man, Trujillo. A Nation’s wealth in the hands of one man only means that the Nation’s safety and life-force also rest in his hands. Works Cited Bosch, Juan. Trujillo: Causas de una tirania sin ejemplo. Caracas: n.p., 1961. de Besault, Lawrence. President Trujillo: His work and the Dominican Republic. Santiago: Editorial El Diario, 1941. Ferreras, Ramon. Trujillo : 20 aà ±os despues. N.p.: n.p., 1981. Roorda, Eric. The Dicator Next Door. London: Duke UP, 1998. Sagas, Ernesto. The Dominican People: A Documentary History. Princeton: Markus Weiner, 2003.

Bilingual Education and the Cycle of Native Language

The original objective of bilingual education was to ensure students would not fall behind academically because of a poor command of English and to gradually teach them English as a second language. If language-minority students were taught some subjects in their native tongue, proponents insisted, they potentially could learn English without sacrificing content knowledge. But bilingual education†s critics argue that the approach keeps students in a cycle of native language dependency that ultimately inhibits significant progress in English language acquisition. Proponents counter that if students first learn to read in the language they are fluent in and then transfer the skills over to English-their second language-they will develop stronger literacy skills in the long term. Plus, they argue that in an increasingly global society, schools, far from discouraging native-language retention, should work to help students maintain their native tongues, even as they also teach them English. Complicating the debate is the range of programs that, by some people†s definition, fall under the umbrella of bilingual education. Some use bilingual education to refer only to transitional bilingual education or two-way bilingual programs while others consider any program designed for students with limited proficiency in English to be â€Å"bilingual.† For instance, they may refer to English-as-a-second-language programs, where students are typically taught solely in English, as bilingual education. Public sentiment against transitional bilingual education has been growing. On June 2, 1998, California voters overwhelmingly approved Proposition 227, an initiative that largely eliminated bilingual education from the state†s public schools. Under the California initiative, most LEP students in that state are now placed in English-immersion programs. Arizona voters followed suit by passing Proposition 203, a measure similar to the California initiative, on Nov. 7, 2000. While the California initiative reduced the percentage of LEP children in bilingual education from 29 percent to 12 percent, the Arizona initiative is expected to end bilingual education because, unlike the California initiative, it makes it very difficult for parents to seek waivers from English immersion that would permit some bilingual education to continue. Arizona officials expect to implement the law by fall 2001. Despite the â€Å"English only† message that Propositions 227 and 203 bear, the debate over how best to instruct linguistically diverse students is far from decided nationwide.

The impact on the american public school system

Democracy and instruction are footings that are clearly definable yet easy misunderstood. Education is the procedure of determining society and future coevalss ( Hollis, as stated in Carr & A ; Harnett, 1996 ) ; nevertheless, it is more than simply learning immature people to read, compose, and decipher. Education is about fixing people to go responsible citizens, bettering societal conditions, and advancing cultural integrity ( Do We Still Need Public Schools, 1996 ) . Democracy, on the other manus, is a familiar word that continues to be at the centre of confusion and abuse. Defined as a type of authorities in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised straight by them, democracy is a set of ideals and rules by and large environing the thought of freedom. When jointly trying to specify democracy and instruction, it is easy to happen yourself amongst a sea of vagueness, confusion, and obfuscation. Possibly the most effectual manner to specify, explicate, or understand the interconnection between democracy and instruction is to show a clear illustration of a critical issue within the American instruction system and the impact it has on our state ‘s democracy: standardised testing for answerability. Standardized proving for answerability, besides known every bit high bets proving, has become a combative cause for argument. It, harmonizing to Dylan ( 2010 ) , is best described as â€Å" the usage of standardised accomplishment trials for the intent of keeping instructors, schools, and territories accountable † ( p. 107 ) . Populating in a democratic society, instructors, schools, and territories are being held accountable by taxpayers and parents ( although these are frequently the same people ) for the exclusive intent of guaranting that pupils enrolled in the American public school system are having an appropriate instruction. The history of standardised proving for answerability can day of the month back to the 19th century when public schools in England and Wales had been financed by voluntary organisations. By 1833, the function of support within the public schools expanded to include grants for the building of new edifices, the preparation of instructors, and for the encouragement of go toing school ( Dylan, 2010 ) . In 1858, a Royal Commission was established to ask into the province of popular instruction in England and to see what steps were required for extension of sound and inexpensive direction. The Commission ‘s study, published in 1861, recommended that the sum of public money paid to each simple school should depend on three factors: the status of the school edifices ; pupil attending ; and the public presentation of the pupils go toing the school on an unwritten scrutiny of every kid in every school to which grants were paid. Like England and Wales, standardized proving within the United States dates back to the 19th century ; nevertheless involvement in standardised testing for answerability may be traced to the landmark 1966 study Equality of Educational Opportunity, besides known as the Coleman study for its lead writer, sociologist James Coleman. Written as a survey to compare the distribution of resources and chances among kids of different races, the Coleman study besides examined differences in accomplishment tonss, or outcomes. Ravitch ( 2002 ) stated that the survey was important for many grounds, including the â€Å" displacement in research focal point from inputs to consequences, ensuing in the writers ‘ determination to analyze how school resources affected accomplishment † ( p. 14 ) . Prior to the Coleman study, instruction reform had focused chiefly on the distribution of resources, on the premise that more generous commissariats for instructors ‘ wages, installations, text editions, and supplies would repair whatever ailed the state ‘s schools. After the Coleman study, reformists advanced a broader array of proposals, many of which sought alterations in public presentation instead than, or in add-on to, additions in resources ( Ravitch, 2002 ) . This displacement in focal point from resources to student accomplishment was facilitated by the increased handiness of trial tonss. In 1970, the constitution of the National Assessment of Education Progress ( NAEP ) provided cumulative new informations and tendency lines to document educational accomplishment of American pupils. By 1992, the NAEP coverage was expanded to include pupils in take parting provinces. As more and more information was collected about pupil public presentation, elected functionaries came under force per unit area to make something about low accomplishment and about the big spreads among different groups of pupils. Confronted with the demand to better their schools in order to pull new industries to their provinces and vicinities, elected functionaries, harmonizing to Ravitch ( 2002 ) , looked at instruction much as they looked at other maps of authorities and at private corporations. Elected functionaries concluded that what mattered most was consequences – that is, whether pupils were larning. They used trial tonss as the best step of pupil acquisition, and they urged that school s should concentrate unrelentingly on bettering pupil accomplishment. By the early 1980s, governors were turning to concern leaders as their natural Alliess in seeking to better their province ‘s educational system. In every province, instruction was the individual biggest budget point, normally devouring 40 per centum of the province ‘s outgos ( Ravitch, 2002 ) . Some governors wanted to acquire instruction under their control, some wanted to do instruction disbursement more cost effectual, and most wanted to carry through both. The governors looked to concern leaders for advice on pull offing complex, labour-intensive organisations. The concern leaders looked at the schools through the lenses that were customary for them. They expected to see transparence of describing about budget, resources, operations, and consequences ; they expected to see answerability for public presentation. They encouraged governors and other elected functionaries to see incentive constructions that worked routinely in concern to better public presentation. In April 1983, the biggest accelerator for alteration within the public school system came in the signifier of a study titled A State At Risk. The National Commission on Excellence in Education issued its eye-opening study that indicted educational functionaries, schools leaders, and the American populace for complacence ( â€Å" A Nation Accountable, † 2008 ) . The recommendations set Forth in A State At Risk promised permanent reform through demanding the best attempt and public presentation from all pupils, whether they are gifted or less able, flush or disadvantaged, whether destined for college, the farm, or industry ( U.S. Dept. of Ed. , 1983 ) . A State At Risk marked the beginning of an development in proving for answerability and standards-based instruction reform. This motion towards standards-based instruction and appraisal that began with A State At Risk went national with the transition of the Improving America ‘s Schools Act of 1994 ( IASA ) . IASA reauthorized the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 ( ESEA ) , foremost enacted as portion of President Lyndon Johnson ‘s War on Poverty that was designed to concentrate federal support on hapless schools with low accomplishing pupils. In exchange for stressing higher pupil larning results, the revamped ESEA gave provinces and vicinities more flexibleness to plan and run their ain federally funded instruction plans. The 1994 ESEA was intended to work in concert with Goals 2000: Educate America Act, which supported province and local attempts to put ambitious content and public presentation criterions and to transport out school reforms that will raise the achievement degrees of all pupils ( U.S. Dept. of Ed. , 1996 ) . With the new millenary, the criterions and answerability motion reached a new degree. President George W. Bush called for important reforms at the federal degree, which led to the passage of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 ( NCLB ) . This jurisprudence, which was passed with bipartizan bulks in Congress and with the support of the concern and civil rights communities, built on the foundation laid in the 1980s and 1990s by guaranting that provinces accepting federal authorities ‘s targeted investing agree to step and study on consequences in footings of criterions and answerability. No Child Left Behind was complex and contained many plans, nevertheless its cardinal focal point was answerability. This was an issue that brought together Republicans and Democrats. Harmonizing to Ravitch ( 2002 ) , had there non been bipartizan understanding on answerability, NCLB would ne'er hold become a jurisprudence. Both parties believed that answerability was the lever that would raise accomplishment. While many advocates for educational reform will reason that standardised proving for answerability is a agency to transfuse a positive alteration, the cogency and value of standardised testing is frequently capable for argument. Assorted surveies raise inquiries about whether betterments in trial tonss really signal an betterment for larning ( Cannell, 1988 ) . Other surveies point to standardise trials ‘ narrowness of content, their deficiency of lucifer with course of study and direction, their disregard of higher order believing accomplishments, and the limited relevancy and meaningfulness of their multiple pick formats. Harmonizing to Herman ( 1994 ) , instead than exercising a positive influence on pupil acquisition, proving may trivialise the acquisition and instructional procedure, distort course of study, and usurp valuable instructional clip. When concentrating on the effects of standardised proving for answerability, it is indispensable to find whether or non betterments in trials tonss really signal an betterment for larning. Harmonizing to Ravitch ( 2010 ) , the information derived from trials can be highly valuable, if the trials are valid and dependable. Test consequences can demo what pupils have learned, have non learned, and where they need betterment. They can state parents how their kids are making in comparing to other kids of their age and class. Test consequences can inform instructors and school decision makers to find which pupils need extra aid or different methods of direction. It can place pupils who need aid in larning English or particular instruction services. They can inform educational leaders and policy shapers about the advancement of the instruction system as a whole. Consequences can demo which plans are doing a difference and which are non, which should be expanded and which should be terminate d. Last, they can assist to direct extra support, preparation, and resources to instructors and schools that need them ( Ravitch, 2010 ) . The drawback with utilizing standardised trials to do of import determinations about people ‘s lives is that standardised trials are non precise instruments ( Ravitch, 2010 ) . All trials have a border of mistake and the same pupil could bring forth different tonss when taking the same trial on different yearss. Testing experts ( Ravitch, 2010 ) often remind school functionaries that standardized trial tonss should non be used in isolation to do eventful determinations about pupils, but in concurrence with other steps of pupil public presentation, such as classs, category engagement, prep, and instructors ‘ recommendations. When finding if a standardised trial signals an betterment of acquisition, or deficiency thereof, cogency, as stated by Riffert ( 2005 ) , becomes a inquiry of whether a trial does so mensurate what its developers intended to mensurate. If a trial fails to supply an acceptable degree of cogency for a certain intent, the consequences are deemed useless. The cogency of standardised trials relies mostly on the course of study taught by the instructors prior to the existent trial. Adequate exposure to the course of study allows each pupil a just opportunity to derive cognition of the stuff. However, it is virtually impossible to obtain curriculum cogency at the province or national degree due to a high grade of diverseness within each schoolroom, school site, territory, and province ( Riffert, 2005 ) . For this ground, seldom will the trial green goods consequences that replicate aims that coincide with the schoolroom ( Goodwin and Driscoll, 1980 ) . The effects of standardised proving for answerability go beyond dependability and cogency. A common concern heard by educational leaders is narrowness of content due to a focal point on nucleus course of study. Similarly, many advocates argue that standardised proving for answerability disregards higher order believing accomplishments and alternatively focal points on lower order believing accomplishments such as callback of facts and information ( Dylan, 2010 ) . As advocates for standardised testing for answerability continue to concentrate on increasing trial tonss, instructors and decision makers are forced to concentrate their attempts on trial readying, go forthing many to oppugn whether an addition in trial tonss signals an overall addition in cognition. In a widely reported analysis, Amrein and Berliner ( 2002 ) examined the impact of the debut of proving for answerability in 18 provinces. They concluded that although there was clear grounds that tie ining answerability ( effects ) to prove mark results had increased tonss on the trials used within the plan, there was no grounds of improved trial tonss on other related steps. Furthermore, they found that the debut of standardised proving for answerability was associated with increased pupil dropout rates, inappropriate trial readying patterns, and decreased teacher morale. A subsequent analysis ( Amrein & A ; Berliner, 2002 ) confirmed these findings and indicated that the debut of hig h school graduation scrutinies was associated with a lowering of mean academic accomplishment. While standardised proving for answerability doubtless robs pupils of an reliable acquisition experience, the most scarey impact is the impression that high-stakes testing via medias our democratic society. Democracy is the foundation of our state ‘s history and hereafter, and guaranting and prolonging it is at the bosom of the American public school system. Harmonizing to A State at Risk, â€Å" a high degree of shared instruction is indispensable to a free, democratic society and to the fosterage of a common civilization, particularly in a state that prides itself on pluralism and single freedom † ( 1983 ) . Because democracy assumes and depends upon active and engaged people ( â€Å" Do We Still Need Public Schools, † 1996 ) , the American public school system is the vehicle in which to educate all people in order to accomplish certain basic democratic ends. Harmonizing to Ravitch ( 2010 ) , in a democracy, schooling is vitally of import and really different from schooling in other societies. No other establishment in our society is every bit suited as the public schools for presenting the immature to both the thoughts inherent in a societal and political democracy every bit good as the ideals from which democracy is derived. Harmonizing to Wolk ( 2007 ) , we are populating in a school psychotic belief. He poses the inquiry, â€Å" Do we truly believe that our schools animate our kids to populate a life of contemplation, imaginativeness, empathy, and societal duty? † ( p. 649 ) . Because of standardised proving for answerability, our state, and our schools are afflicted with a famine of educational imaginativeness, a deficiency of pedagogical bravery, and rampant anti-intellectualism ( Wolk, 2007 ) . Our textbook-driven course of study have become educational ageless gesture machines of rational, moral, and originative averageness. We dumb down and sanitise the course of study in the name of techno-rational efficiency and â€Å" American Interests † ( Wolk, 2007 ) . When our kids ‘s school experiences are chiefly about make fulling in spaces on worksheets, regurgitating facts from text editions, composing formulaic five-paragraph essays, taking multiple pick trials, and doing the occasional panorama – that is, when they are barren of chances to make an original idea – we should anticipate the obvious result: kids – and subsequently grownups – who are unable to believe for themselves. None of this should surprise us. Passive schooling creates inactive people. If we want people to believe, larn, and attention about the many dimensions of life, if we want neighbours who accept duty of be givening to the universe and doing it a better topographic point, so we need schools and course of study that are really about life and the universe. Alternatively, we have schools that prepare kids to believe like a wassailer ( Wolk, 2007 ) . In order for democracy to go on on, there is an undoubted demand for the production of democratic people via the public school system. However, standardized proving for answerability is working against the production of democratic people and is alternatively, fabricating future citizens satisfied with averageness and ignorance. From scripted course of study to a focal point entirely on mathematics and linguistic communication humanistic disciplines, schools that are committed to merely bettering standardised trials tonss have produced a state of ace trial takers. Our current public school system has done nil to develop thoughtful, considerate human existences, or to educate a democratic people ( Ravitch, 2010 ) . The transition of No Child Left Behind has made proving and accountability our national instruction scheme. The chief intent was to raise trial tonss, irrespective of whether or non pupils acquired any cognition of history, scientific discipline, literature, geographics, the humanistic disciplines, and other topics that were non of import for answerability intents. Harmonizing to Ravitch ( 2010 ) , accent on trial public presentation to run into criterions in certain academic countries may decrease the end of constructing active and morally sensitive citizens who carry out their civic responsibilities. Over the last decennary, pedagogues, policymakers, and the populace have begun to hammer a consensus that our public schools must concentrate on better fixing all kids for the demands of citizenship in the twenty-first century ( â€Å" Investing In a Culture of Learning, † 2010 ) . This push has resulted in the rise of standardised testing as the agencies of educating and measuring the success of all pupils, schools, and territories enrolled in the public school system. However, as outlined within this paper, standardized proving for answerability has many unintended effects, including: narrowing of the course of study and experiences, a focal point on lower degree thought as opposed to high order thought, a turning dissatisfaction amongst pedagogues and parents, and in conclusion, the impression that standardized proving for answerability via medias our democratic society. Despite the cooling and formidable effects, many advocates of educational reform are inquiring the inqui ry â€Å" if non standardized proving for answerability, so what? † Performance based appraisal, besides known as reliable appraisal, is an equivocal construct to pedagogues ( Keyser & A ; Howell, 2008 ) . Some refer to as a specific appraisal that reflects a real-world context while others describe it as an appraisal aligned to real-world activities or some combination thereof. Harmonizing to Wood, et Al ( 2007 ) , public presentation appraisals are tools that allow instructors to garner information about what pupils can make with what they are larning – scientific discipline experiments that pupils design, carry out, analyze, and compose up ; computing machine plans that pupils create and test out ; research enquiries that they pursue, seeking and piecing grounds about a inquiry, and showing it in written and unwritten signifier. Whether the accomplishment or criterion being measured is composing, speech production, scientific or mathematical literacy, or cognition of history and societal scientific discipline research, pupils really execute undertakings affecting these accomplishments and the instructor observes and gathers information about, and scores the public presentation based upon a set of pre-determined standards. Performance based appraisal, frequently locally controlled and affecting multiple steps of accomplishment, offer a manner to travel beyond the bounds and negative effects of standardised proving for answerability ( Wood, et Al, 2007 ) . When comparing standardized proving for answerability and public presentation based appraisals, the research ( Wood et al, 2007 ) suggests that such appraisals are better tools for demoing the extent to which pupils have developed higher order believing accomplishments, such as the abilities to analyse, synthesise, and evaluate information. They lead to more student battle in acquisition and stronger public presentation on the sorts of reliable undertakings that better resemble what they will necessitate to make in the universe outside of school. They besides provide richer feedback to instructors, taking to improved acquisition results for pupils. As a state, we need a strong and vivacious public instruction system. Ravitch ( 2010 ) stated that as we seek to reform our schools, we must take attention to make no injury. In fact, we must take attention to do our public schools one time once more the pride of our state. Our public instruction system is the cardinal component of our democratic society. Our public schools have been the tract to chance and a better life for coevalss of Americans, giving them the tools to manner their ain life and to better the general public assistance of all. To the extent that we strengthen them, we strengthen our democracy ( pgs. 241-242 ) .

Perdón para migrantes protegidos por la sección 245(i)

Perdà ³n para migrantes protegidos por la seccià ³n 245(i) La seccià ³n 245(i) de la Ley de Inmigracià ³n y Nacionalidad (INA, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) permite ajustar el estatus a personas indocumentadas y asà ­ obtener la tarjeta de residencia. El problema es que esta seccià ³n de la INA expirà ³. Sin embargo, algunos inmigrantes pueden estar todavà ­a hoy protegidos y, por lo tanto, podrà ­an pedir el ajuste de estatus. Quà © migrantes indocumentados podrà ­an beneficiarse de la seccià ³n 245 (i) Los inmigrantes que estn dentro de Estados Unidos en situacià ³n de indocumentados porque: entraron con visa y se quedaron ms tiempo del permitido.ingresaron al paà ­s ilegalmente sin pasar por un control migratoriocometieron alguna violacià ³n migratoria como, por ejemplo, aceptar empleo colocndose asà ­ en una situacià ³n de ilegalidad migratoria. Y no pueden arreglar los papeles sin salir de los Estados Unidos mediante lo que se conoce como un ajuste de estatus. Si salen de Estados Unidos tendrà ­an el problema de que automticamente se activarà ­a el castigo de los 3 o de los 10 aà ±os por presencia ilegal. Tener en cuenta que algunos indocumentados pueden ajustar su estatus por relacià ³n de cà ³nyuge, padre, madre o hijo soltero menor de 21 aà ±os con un ciudadano estadounidense. Pero incluso en estos casos no siempre es posible ajustar el estatus. Cules son los requisitos para estar estar protegido por la seccià ³n 245 (i) 1. Que el inmigrante tenga una peticià ³n de visa de inmigrante hecha   a su nombre por razà ³n de familia o de trabajo y que dicha peticià ³n se hubiera presentado el 30 de abril de 2001 o antes.   Es decir, tenga un certificado de trabajo (labor certification) o   una peticià ³n I-130 para familiar extranjero, I-140 para trabajador extranjero, I-360 para viudos o migrantes especiales. o I-526 para empresario extranjero a travà ©s del programa EB5. 2. Que la peticià ³n hubiera sido aprobada (puede ser posteriormente a esa fecha) 3. Y si la peticià ³n se presentà ³ entre el 14 de enero de 1998 y el 30 de abril de 2001, el beneficiario principal de la peticià ³n debe poder demostrar que estaba fà ­sicamente presente en los Estados Unidos a fecha de 21 de diciembre de 2000. Eso es para el beneficiario  principal,en no para el derivado. Por ejemplo, en los casos en los que un ciudadano pide a su hermano, à ©ste serà ­a el principal, y el derivado la esposa/o del pedido y sus hijos solteros menores de 21 aà ±os. Destacar que en el caso de familiares derivados, la relacià ³n de parentesco entre el beneficiario principal y el derivado debà ­a ya existir a fecha de 30 de abril de 2001.   Cà ³mo se pide beneficiarse de la proteccià ³n de la seccià ³n 245(i) Solicitante un ajuste de estatus (planilla I-485)Completando adems el suplemento I-485AEnviando toda la documentacià ³n de apoyoPagando la cuota del ajuste de estatus Antes de enviar cualquier planilla, asesorarse si realmente se califica. Asimismo, extremar el cuidado para cumplir con los requisitos de llenar correctamente los formularios. Quà © no se debe hacer si se cree que se es un buen candidato para esta proteccià ³n No salir de Estados Unidos mientras no se resuelve el asunto. Si se sale, en ese momento comienza a aplicar el castigo de los 3 y de los 10 aà ±os. A quià ©n no protege la seccià ³n 245(i) A las personas con un procedimiento de deportacià ³n abierto. Cundo la 245(i) no es suficiente para ajustar el estatus Es posible cumplir todos los requisitos para este perdà ³n pero que, finalmente, el ajuste de estatus se niegue y no se obtenga la tarjeta de residencia. Y es que para sacar la green card el migrante tiene que ser considerado admisible. Esto es, hay una serie de comportamientos o situaciones en el pasado del migrante que hacen imposible que pueda obtener los papeles, bien con carcter permanente o bien por un tiempo. A tener en cuenta para elegir la mejor opcià ³n y evitar fraudes Hay casos en los que podrà ­a aplicar la 245(i), pero realmente hay otras opciones que resultan mejores. Por ejemplo, una persona con una peticià ³n a su favor hecha en el aà ±o 2000 por un hermano ciudadano americano. Si esa persona ingresà ³ con visa y simplemente perdià ³ su estatus por quedarse ms tiempo del permitido y est ahora casada de buena fe con un ciudadano americano, podrà ­a ajustar su estatus sin necesidad de recurrir al 245(i). Sin embargo, si la misma persona del ejemplo, hubiera ingresado a Estados Unidos ilegalmente, no podrà ­a ajustar su estatus por el procedimiento regular y su opcià ³n serà ­a pedir la proteccià ³n del 245(i). Todos los casos de perdones son complejos y delicados. Lo mejor es siempre buscar a un abogado de inmigracià ³n reputado y con experiencia en el beneficio que se desea pedir.  Ã‚  Es cierto que en muchos casos es posible  solicitar un perdà ³n migratorio (waiver)  pero adems de cumplir con todos los requisitos, no es fcil obtenerlo. Por esta razà ³n, es aconsejable tener cuidado con las promesas que hacen algunos abogados inescrupulosos. Este artà ­culo no es consejo legal para ningà ºn caso concreto. Sà ³lo tiene valor informativo.

Bacteriophage Lambda Lysogenic Cycle Biology Essay

Bacteriophage Lambda Lysogenic Cycle Biology Essay Viruses are tiny agents that cause infections in a wide range of hosts including animals, plants, bacteria and other viruses. In particular, viruses that infect bacteria are called bacteriophages, bacterio meaning â€Å"bacteria† in Greek and phage meaning â€Å"to eat†. Bacteriophages are able to undergo lytic and lysogenic cycle to replicate; however, most undergo one or the other cycle to replicate. An example of a bacteriophage that is able to undergo both cycles is bacteriophage lambda (phage lambda). Bacteriophage lambda infects only the bacterium Escherichia coli strain k-12. Phage lambda is unique in its ability to turn replication genes on or off depending on the host’s condition. When E. coli is infected with phage lambda and the cell dies due to an environmental factor, the phage will switch from the lysogenic to the lytic replication cycle. Bacteriophage lambda was discovered by Esther Lederberg in 1950 while she was working in a laboratory with E. c oli strain k-12. Lederberg is considered a pioneer of bacterial genetics; she was also an immunologist and microbiologist. She flourished academically, receiving a doctorate from the University of Wisconsin where she worked with many other pioneers of microbiology, genetics and immunology, including: Andre Lwoff, Edward Lawrie Tatum, George Wells Beadle, Frances Crick and James Watson. While at the University of Wisconsin, Lederberg was using ultraviolet light on E. coli strain k-12 to mutagenize that specific strain of the bacteria. After prolonged exposure to the ultraviolet light, the bacteria stopped growing and its condition slowly began to deteriorate. An hour and a half after the exposure to the ultraviolet light ceased, the bacteria began to lyse (burst). This led Lederberg to the discovery of bacteriophage lambda. The E. coli sample that Lederberg was using was infected with bacteriophage lambda. The phage was not detected because it was in the lysogenic cycle, which meant that the phage was a prophage, and thus that the phage genome was integrated within the bacterial genome. Bacteriophage lambda sensed that the bacteria was about to die, so it switched its replication genes on and converted to lytic replication, therefore causing the cell to lyse and release the phage into the environment. Lederberg is also accredited with the discovery of induction; the process of when the lysogenic cycle is terminated and the lytic cycle is activated due to adverse conditions caused by ultraviolet light. Lederberg, along with her team of researchers, was awarded the Pasteur award in 1956. Viruses have many different anatomical structures depending on what kind of cells they infect. The anatomical feature that is similar throughout all bacteriophage is the capsid. The capsid or head is a shell made out of protein that contains DNA or RNA, depending on the virus. The capsid also contains some internal proteins. The capsid can have many different configurations, from a polygon-shaped sphere, like an icosahedral, or a rod-shaped helix. The main functions of the capsid are that it allows the virion to attach to its host via special sites on the surface, contains the internal proteins that allows the virus to penetrate the host cell membrane, which enables it to inject the infectious DNA or RNA into the host cell’s cytoplasm, and that it provides protection for the nucleic acid from the environment and digestion by enzymes. The capsid has structural subunits called capsomers that may contain one or many polypeptide chains. Some viruses have a secondary structure that protects the capsid itself, this is called an envelope. Not all viruses have an envelope; the envelope is made up of glyco-proteins and surrounds the entire capsid for optimum protection. The envelope has two lipid layers intermingled with protein molecules, a lipoprotein bi-layer, and also has a mixture of material that consist of the viral origin and some material from the me mbrane of the host cell. Besides a capsid, some viruses also contain a tail that is attached to the capsid which helps the virus penetrate the host cell’s outer membrane and allows the virus to inject the DNA or RNA into the host cell. The tail consists of two main structures: the tail fibers and a tail sheath. The tail fibers are tiny leg like formations that help the phage attach on to the bacterial cell by clinging on to the surface receptors. The tail sheath is a tube like structure that runs from the capsid to the tail fibers; the tail sheath digs into the cell membrane of the host and the DNA or RNA travels down the sheath and into the cytoplasm of the host and the infectious cycle begins. For viruses without tails, specialized spikes are protruding directly from the capsid that play a similar role to that of tails; the spikes are made up of proteins and help the virus invade the host cell. Bacteriophage lambda has a capsid with an icosahedral configuration that is 55 n anometers in diameter that contains 350-575 capsomers or subunits of 37,000 Daltons; the capsomers are positioned in groups of 5 and 6 subunits or pentamers and hexamers. The tail is 180 micrometers long and contains a single tail fiber that is 25 nanometers long. Bacteriophage lambda does not possess an enveloped capsid.

China's Economic Relationship with the Unites States Research Paper

China's Economic Relationship with the Unites States - Research Paper Example As a matter of fact, it would not be an exaggeration in stating that there is hardly any developing economy that has displayed substantial growth without the assistance of an advanced country. The technological and commercial strength of a rich economy is more or less imperative for a developing country in realization of its full potential. In the contemporary global economic landscape, China is the leader amongst all developing countries in terms of registering the fastest growth rate. That the country (China) has established economic ties with various developed economies in no way takes away the credit from the committed endeavors of the Chinese Government. The government of China has been initiating many measures, some of which may not be pleasing to the country’s denizens. Nonetheless, these initiatives can be considered to be indispensable for the long-term prosperity of the country. This could be conveniently compared with an analogy that a bitter medicine, despite its repulsive taste, is imperative for the recovery of an ailing person. In fact, it is this very courage of the government in taking bold and concrete steps that is lacking in most of the other developing economies. In these regions there are numerous social, economic and cultural factors that have turned out to be serious impediments in growth -related pursuits. But as discussed earlier, the Chinese Government gives more importance to the overall growth and prosperity of the country, rather than concentrating on populist schemes that just please the citizens. That most of these measures jeopardize the long-term economic interests of the country warrants no special mention. The committed endeavors of the government, coupled with strategic alliances with prosperous economies have ensured that China now holds the number one position in all developing regions of the globe. The history of the relations between both the countries is rather complex, as it